Kidney stones can be a deeply distressing and painful experience, and it’s only natural to feel worried if you suspect you might have them. These small but powerful stones can affect any part of your urinary tract, and the pain they cause is often described as one of the most intense someone can endure.
We want you to know that you’re not alone—many people face this challenge, and there are effective ways to manage and overcome it. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, approximately 1.7 million Australians aged 18 years and over show indicators of chronic kidney disease, including reduced kidney function or the presence of albumin in the urine. If you’re among those struggling with kidney stones, understanding your condition is the first step towards finding relief.
In this guide, we’ll walk you through everything you need to know about kidney stones, from causes and symptoms to the best treatment and prevention strategies. Hopefully, after reading this, you will understand your condition better and know how to manage it more effectively.
What are Kidney Stones?
Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. Kidney stone disease is one of the most common disorders of the urinary system.
There are four primary types of kidney stones: calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite, and cystine. Each type requires a different approach to treatment, and knowing the specifics can make a world of difference. Without proper care, these stones can block the flow of urine, leading to serious complications like infections or even kidney failure. It’s critical to seek help early to prevent these outcomes.
Types of Kidney Stones
Understanding the type of kidney stone you have is essential for determining the right treatment and prevention strategies. Each type of stone is unique, and it’s important to feel informed and empowered when discussing your options with your doctor.
Calcium Oxalate Stones
These are the most common types of kidney stones. If you’ve been told that you have a calcium oxalate stone, it’s likely because there’s too much calcium in your urine. This can happen for various reasons, including dietary factors like high salt intake or medical conditions like hypercalcaemia.
Uric Acid Stones
Uric acid kidney stones form when your urine is too acidic, often due to a diet high in purine-rich foods like red meat and seafood.
Cystine Stones
Cystine stones are related to a genetic condition that causes high levels of cysteine in your urine.
Struvite Stones
Struvite stones are often linked to urinary tract infections, and they can be particularly concerning because they’re more common in women.
Understanding the specifics of your kidney stones can empower you to make informed decisions about your health. We’re here to help guide you through each step of this journey.
What causes kidney stones?
Knowing kidney stone causes can be the first step to preventing the disease from ever happening to you. Here are some of the causes of kidney stones:
| Dehydration | Not drinking enough water can lead to concentrated urine, which makes it easier for substances to form crystals and eventually kidney stones. |
| High Sodium Intake | A diet high in salt can increase calcium levels in your urine, which can contribute to stone formation. |
| Diet Rich in Animal Protein | Eating a lot of red meat, poultry, and seafood can raise uric acid levels in your urine, which may lead to uric acid stones. |
| Oxalate-Rich Foods | Foods like spinach, nuts, and chocolate are delicious but can contribute to kidney stones if consumed in large amounts. |
| High Calcium Levels | While calcium is important for your bones, too much in your urine can cause stones. Certain conditions, like hyperparathyroidism, can increase calcium levels, so it’s important to get regular check-ups if you’re at risk. |
| Uric Acid Levels | High levels of uric acid, often due to a diet rich in purines (found in red meat and shellfish), can lead to uric acid stones. |
| Genetic Factors | Sometimes, kidney stones run in families. Conditions like cystinuria can make you more prone to developing stones. |
| Obesity | Obesity increases the risk of kidney stones, particularly uric acid stones. |
| Medical Conditions | Conditions like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or a history of gastric bypass surgery can increase your risk of kidney stones. |
| Certain Medications | Some medications can increase your risk of stones. If you’re concerned, talk to your doctor about your current prescriptions and whether they might be contributing to stone formation. |
We know that the possibility of kidney stones can be worrying, but understanding these kidney stone causes empowers you to take control of your health. By making informed choices and working closely with your healthcare provider, you can reduce your risk and keep your kidneys healthy.
What are the symptoms of kidney stones?
Kidney stone pain can be excruciating, and it’s completely normal to feel scared or anxious when facing these symptoms. Recognising the signs of kidney stones early can make a significant difference in your treatment and recovery.
Renal Colic: This is a hallmark kidney stone symptom—severe, sharp pain that begins in the back, just below the ribcage, and can radiate to the abdomen and groin. The intensity of the pain can be overwhelming, often coming in waves as the stone moves.
Pain During Urination: If you feel a burning sensation while urinating, it could be a sign that the stone has moved into the ureter or bladder.
Nausea and Vomiting: Severe pain from kidney stones can often cause nausea and vomiting.
Difficulty Passing Urine: A large stone can block the flow of urine, leading to a dangerous situation. If you’re unable to pass urine or notice a significant decrease in your output, it’s critical to get help immediately.
Unusual Urine Appearance: Blood in the urine can be alarming, and it’s a clear sign that something isn’t right. If your urine appears pink, red, or brown, or if it has a foul odor, please don’t ignore these symptoms.
Infection Symptoms: A kidney stone can sometimes lead to a urinary tract infection, which might cause fever, chills, and cloudy urine.
We know that dealing with kidney stone symptoms can be frightening and painful. The most important thing is to get help as soon as possible. With the right care, you can manage your symptoms and start on the path to recovery.
How are kidney stones diagnosed?
Accurate kidney stone diagnosis is the foundation for effective treatment, and we want to guide you through what this looks like.
Imaging Tests:
CT Scan
A CT scan is often the first step in diagnosing kidney stones. It provides a detailed image of your kidneys, ureters, and bladder, allowing your doctor to see the stone’s size and location.
X-rays
A simple X-ray can sometimes detect kidney stones, especially if they’re composed of calcium. This non-invasive test can be an important part of your diagnostic process, helping your doctor determine the best treatment plan.
Ultrasound
If you’re pregnant or need to avoid radiation, an ultrasound is a safe and effective way to check for kidney stones. This test is gentle and doesn’t involve any discomfort, making it a preferred option for many patients.
Laboratory Tests:
Urinalysis
A urine test can reveal a lot about what’s happening inside your body. It can detect the presence of blood, minerals, and other substances that contribute to stone formation, as well as signs of infection. This information is crucial for understanding the cause of your stones and how to prevent them in the future.
Urinalysis
Blood tests help measure levels of calcium, uric acid, and other substances that might be contributing to stone formation. If these levels are abnormal, your doctor might order additional tests to pinpoint the underlying cause and develop a personalised treatment plan.
Stone Analysis
If you’ve passed a stone or had one removed, your doctor may analyse it to determine its composition. Knowing the exact type of stone you’re dealing with can provide valuable insights into how to prevent future stones and tailor your treatment.
We understand that undergoing tests can be stressful, especially when you’re in pain. Please know that these diagnostics are essential tools that help your healthcare team provide the best possible care for you. Each test brings you one step closer to relief and recovery.
How are kidney stones treated?
When it comes to kidney stone treatment, there’s no one-size-fits-all solution. The best treatment for you depends on the size, type, and location of your stone, as well as the symptoms you’re experiencing.
Non-Surgical Treatments
Removal of kidney stones can sound like a daunting process. The good news is that it is possible to have a kidney stone treatment without surgery. Here are some options for you:
- Pain Management: Treating a kidney stone doesn’t always have to be scary. If you’re dealing with a small stone, pain management might be all you need. We know that the pain can be unbearable at times, and we want to ensure you have access to the right medications to keep you comfortable as the stone passes.
- Kidney Stone Medications: Depending on your stone type, certain medications can help dissolve the stone or make it easier to pass. For example, alpha blockers can relax the muscles in your ureter, easing the passage of the stone with less pain. If you have uric acid stones, your doctor might prescribe medications to alkalinise your urine, making it less likely for stones to form.
- Hydration Therapy: Drinking more water is one of the simplest yet most effective treatments for small stones. Staying hydrated helps flush out the urinary system, preventing stones from forming or growing larger. We encourage you to drink plenty of fluids, even if you’re not thirsty—your kidneys will thank you.
- Dietary Changes: Making changes to your diet can feel overwhelming, but these adjustments can have a big impact on preventing future stones. Reducing sodium, limiting animal protein, and avoiding oxalate-rich foods can all help reduce your risk.
Surgical and Minimally Invasive Treatments
For larger stones or those that don’t pass on their own, more advanced kidney stone treatments might be necessary. The thought of kidney stone surgery can be frightening, but these procedures are highly effective and often provide immediate relief.
- Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy (ESWL): ESWL is a non-invasive procedure that uses shockwaves to break the stone into smaller pieces. This might sound intense, but it’s a safe and common procedure that can be done on an outpatient basis. Most patients are able to go home the same day, and while you might experience some discomfort afterward, it’s usually minimal.
- Laser Lithotripsy: Laser treatment for kidney stones, also known as laser lithotripsy, is a minimally invasive procedure used to break down kidney stones so that they can be passed more easily through the urinary tract.
- Ureteroscopy: If your stone is located in the ureter or kidney, a ureteroscopy might be recommended. This renal stone treatment involves passing a small, flexible tube through your bladder to reach the stone. The stone is then either removed or broken up into smaller pieces. It’s minimally invasive and typically doesn’t require any incisions, making recovery faster and less painful.
- Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL): For larger stones that can’t be treated with other methods, PCNL is often the best option. This procedure involves making a small incision in the back to access the kidney and remove the stone. While it might sound daunting, PCNL is highly effective for treating large or complex stones, and the incision is typically small enough to minimise discomfort during recovery.
- Kidney Stone Removal Surgery: Though rare, open surgery might be necessary for very large stones or complex cases. We understand that the idea of open surgery can be intimidating, but it’s important to know that this option is usually reserved for situations where other treatments aren’t feasible.
Your healthcare team will discuss all your options with you and ensure you feel comfortable with the chosen kidney stone treatment.
Can Kidney Stones be Prevented?
Preventing kidney stones is a proactive step towards protecting your health and avoiding the pain and discomfort that stones can cause. Whether you’ve had kidney stones in the past or are trying to prevent them for the first time, these kidney stones prevention tips can make a significant difference:
1. Stay Hydrated
One of the most effective ways to prevent kidney stones is to drink plenty of water. It might sound simple, but staying hydrated is crucial for keeping your urine dilute and flushing out substances that can form stones. Doctors recommend drinking at least 2 to 3 litres of water per day. It’s important to monitor your urine colour—if it’s light and clear, that’s a good sign you’re staying hydrated. If it’s darker, you might need to increase your water intake.
2. Dietary Modifications
Making changes to your diet can feel challenging, but these adjustments can help prevent kidney stones from forming or recurring.
- Reduce Sodium Intake: High sodium levels can increase the amount of calcium in your urine, which can contribute to stone formation. We know it can be tough to cut back on salt, but limiting your daily sodium intake to 1,500 mg or less can significantly reduce your risk.
- Limit Animal Protein: Diets high in animal proteins, such as red meat, poultry, and seafood, can raise uric acid levels and increase the risk of uric acid stones. Reducing your intake of these foods doesn’t mean you have to give them up entirely—it’s about finding a balance that works for you.
- Avoid Oxalate-Rich Foods: Oxalate is found in many foods, including spinach, nuts, tea, and chocolate. While it’s okay to enjoy these foods in moderation, consuming them in large amounts can increase your risk of calcium oxalate stones.
3. Regular Medical Check-ups
Staying on top of your health is one of the best ways for kidney stones prevention. Regular check-ups with your doctor can help identify and manage conditions that might increase your risk.
- Monitor for Metabolic Conditions: Certain metabolic conditions can increase your risk of kidney stones. Regular check-ups and routine blood tests can help identify these conditions early, allowing you to manage them before they lead to stone formation.
- Follow Medical Advice: If you’ve been diagnosed with a metabolic condition or have a history of kidney stones, following your doctor’s advice is crucial. Whether it’s taking prescribed medications, making dietary changes, or attending regular appointments, these steps can help prevent recurrence and keep you feeling your best.
4. Medication for Prevention
Depending on your risk factors, your doctor might prescribe medications to help prevent kidney stones. These medications can be incredibly effective, and they’re an important part of your overall prevention strategy.
- Preventive Medications: Medications like thiazide diuretics can reduce calcium in the urine, while others, like allopurinol, can lower uric acid levels. These medications can be tailored to your specific needs, helping to reduce your risk of forming new stones.
- Alkalinising Agents: If you’re prone to uric acid stones, your doctor might prescribe medications like potassium citrate to help alkalinize your urine. This can make it less likely for stones to form, giving you peace of mind as you go about your daily life.
5. Lifestyle Changes
Making small changes to your lifestyle can have a big impact on preventing kidney stones.
- Maintain a Healthy Weight: Obesity is a risk factor for kidney stones, particularly in women. Maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise can help reduce your risk and improve your overall well-being.
- Increase Citrus Intake: Citrate, found in lemons and limes, can help prevent stones by binding with calcium in the urine. Drinking citrus juices or adding lemon to your water is a simple way to increase your citrate intake and protect your kidneys.
Kidney stones prevention doesn’t have to be hard—it’s about making small, manageable changes that can significantly improve your health. We’re here to support you on this journey, and we’re confident that with the right strategies, you can reduce your risk of kidney stones and live a healthier life.
Complications of Kidney Stones
Kidney stones can cause a great deal of discomfort and pain, but beyond these immediate symptoms, they can also lead to serious complications if not treated properly. Understanding these potential complications is important, so you can seek timely medical care and avoid long-term health issues.
1. Urinary Tract Obstruction
One of the most significant complications of kidney stones is the potential for a urinary tract obstruction. When a stone becomes lodged in the ureter—the tube that connects your kidney to your bladder—it can block the flow of urine. This can cause severe pain and swelling in the kidney, known as hydronephrosis. If left untreated, a blockage can lead to permanent kidney damage, so it’s crucial to seek immediate medical attention if you experience intense pain or difficulty urinating.
2. Infections
Kidney stones can increase your risk of developing a urinary tract infection (UTI). If a stone causes a blockage, bacteria can build up behind it, leading to an infection that can spread to the kidneys. Symptoms of a UTI might include fever, chills, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, and pain during urination. A kidney infection, or pyelonephritis, is a serious condition that requires prompt treatment with antibiotics. If you notice any signs of infection, it’s important to contact your doctor right away.
3. Kidney Damage
In severe cases, untreated kidney stones can cause damage to the kidneys. This can happen if a stone obstructs the urinary tract for a prolonged period, leading to increased pressure and swelling in the kidney. Over time, this pressure can impair kidney function and potentially lead to chronic kidney disease. Early intervention is key to preventing long-term damage, so don’t hesitate to seek help if you’re experiencing persistent symptoms.
4. Recurrent Stones
Once you’ve had kidney stones, you’re at a higher risk of developing them again. Recurrence is a common complication, and without preventive measures, you may face repeated episodes of pain and discomfort. Working with your healthcare provider to identify the underlying cause of your stones and adopting lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk of future stones.
5. Chronic Pain
For some people, the pain associated with kidney stones doesn’t fully go away, even after the stone has passed or been removed. This chronic pain can be debilitating and affect your quality of life. It’s important to work closely with your doctor to manage this pain, whether through medications, physical therapy, or other treatments.
6. Sepsis
In rare cases, a kidney stone that leads to an untreated infection can result in sepsis, a life-threatening condition where the body’s response to infection causes widespread inflammation. Sepsis requires immediate medical attention and is treated with antibiotics and supportive care in a hospital setting. Recognising the early signs of sepsis—such as fever, rapid heartbeat, and difficulty breathing—is crucial for seeking timely treatment.
The complications associated with kidney stones can be serious, but they are often preventable with prompt and appropriate treatment. If you’re experiencing symptoms of kidney stones or if you’re concerned about the risk of complications, please don’t wait to seek medical care. Early intervention can make a significant difference in your outcome, and your healthcare team is here to support you every step of the way. Your health and well-being are our top priorities, and we’re committed to helping you navigate this journey with the care and attention you deserve.
Recovery After Kidney Stone Treatment
The journey of dealing with kidney stones doesn’t end once the stone has passed or been removed. Recovery is an important phase, and taking care of yourself during this time can help ensure a smooth healing process and reduce the risk of recurrence.
1. Managing Pain and Discomfort
It’s normal to feel some pain or discomfort after kidney stone treatment, especially if you’ve undergone a procedure like ureteroscopy or lithotripsy. Your doctor will likely prescribe pain medication to help you manage this. It’s important to rest and allow your body time to heal—try not to push yourself too hard in the days following treatment.
2. Monitoring Your Condition
Depending on the treatment you received, your doctor will advise you on when it’s safe to resume your regular activities. It’s important to follow their guidance to avoid straining your body too soon. Start with light activities and gradually increase your level of exertion as you feel stronger.
3. Preventing Future Stones
Recovery is also a time to think about preventing future kidney stones. Your doctor may recommend dietary changes, such as reducing salt or oxalate intake, to lower your risk. They might also suggest medications to prevent stone formation, especially if you’ve had recurrent stones in the past.
4. Emotional Well-Being
Going through kidney stone treatment can be a stressful experience, and it’s normal to feel anxious or worried about your recovery. Make sure to take care of your mental health during this time. This might include talking to a friend or counselor, practising relaxation techniques, or simply giving yourself permission to rest and recover at your own pace.
Recovery from kidney stones is a crucial time to focus on your health and well-being. Remember, it’s okay to take it slow—your health comes first, and with the right care and support, you’ll be back on your feet in no time.
Patient Stories
When you’re dealing with kidney stones, hearing about others who have been in your shoes can be incredibly comforting. Patient stories not only provide insight into what you might expect, but they also offer hope and reassurance that you’re not alone.
Kidney Stone Treatment Sydney
Kidney stones can be a challenging and painful experience, but you don’t have to face it alone. If you’re looking for a trusted kidney stones urologist in Sydney, Dr. Katelaris is one of the foremost expert in the field with over 35 years of experience.
At Dr. Katelaris Urology Clinic, we’re here to provide you with expert care, compassionate support, and effective treatment options tailored to your unique needs. Whether you’re dealing with the first signs of kidney stones, managing ongoing symptoms, or seeking advice on prevention, we’re committed to helping you every step of the way.
Don’t wait until the pain becomes unbearable—schedule a consultation with Dr. Katelaris today and start your journey towards relief and recovery. With our comprehensive approach to kidney stone treatment and prevention, we’ll work together to ensure your health and well-being are prioritised.
Contact us now to book your appointment. Let us help you reclaim your comfort and peace of mind.
